Computer Science
कम्प्युटर विज्ञान · Class 11 · Code 4271 (CDC Com.427)
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chapters done
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The syllabus asks for
- Definition, characteristics and application of computer
- Evolution of computer technology (generations)
- Measurement unit of processing speed and storage unit
- Super, Mainframe, Mini and Microcomputers
- Mobile Computing and its Application
- Concept of computer architecture and organization
- Components of computer system: input, output, processing, memory unit and storage
- Microprocessor: basic concepts, clock speed, word length, components and functions
- Bus System: data bus, address bus and control bus
- Primary memory: RAM, ROM, Cache, Buffer; types of RAM and ROM
- Secondary Memory: Magnetic Disk, Flash Memory, Optical Disk, External Storage Device
- Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light Pen, OMR, OCR, BCR, MICR, Touch Screen, Microphone, Digital Camera
- Output Devices: Monitor (LCD, LED), Printer (Dot Matrix, Inkjet, Laser), Speaker
- Hardware Interfaces: Parallel Port, Serial Port, USB Ports, HDMI, Expansion Slots
Key points
- A computer accepts input, processes it under a stored program, stores data and produces output: the IPO-S cycle. Its characteristics are speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, storage, automation and reliability — with no IQ.
- Five generations: vacuum tube → transistor → IC → microprocessor → AI/ULSI. Babbage is the Father of Computer; the Intel 4004 (1971) began generation four.
- Speed units: Hz/MHz/GHz, MIPS, FLOPS; time units ms, μs, ns, ps with T = 1/f. Storage: 8 bits = 1 byte, and 1 KB = 2^10 bytes, each further step × 2^10.
- Classification by power: supercomputer > mainframe > mini > microcomputer.
- Architecture = what the machine does (programmer's view); organization = how it is built (implementation).
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The syllabus asks for
- Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Number System and conversion
- Binary addition and subtraction
- One's and Two's complement methods of binary subtraction
- Introduction to Boolean algebra
- Boolean values, truth table, Boolean expression and Boolean function
- Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR (definition, truth table, logic symbol, logic function)
- Laws of Boolean algebra: Boolean identities, Complement, Identity, Commutative, Associative, Distributive
- Statement and verification of Laws of Boolean algebra using truth table
Key points
- A positional number in base r has value Σ di r^i. To decimal: expand positionally. From decimal: divide repeatedly (integers, read up) or multiply repeatedly (fractions, read down).
- Binary ↔ octal groups 3 bits per digit; binary ↔ hex groups 4 bits. Octal ↔ hex must go through binary.
- Binary addition: 1+1 = 10; subtraction borrows a 2.
- 1's complement = invert all bits, and the end-around carry is added back. 2's complement = 1's complement + 1, and the carry is discarded. No carry in either method means the answer is negative — recomplement and add a minus.
- Boolean algebra (Boole 1854, applied by Shannon 1938) uses only 0 and 1, with + = OR, · = AND and a bar for NOT.
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The syllabus asks for
- Definition of software; categories: System, Utility, Application, Web Based, Mobile Apps
- Introduction, role and functions of Operating System
- OS terminology: multiprogramming, multitasking, multiprocessing, distributed
- Windows OS: GUI based OS and its features
- Working in Desktop Application and Window Environment
- Manage Files and Folders with File Explorer
- Customize the start screen and desktop; installing and removing devices
- Manage passwords and privacy levels; control panel, system tools and accessories
- Concept of Open Source OS; Introduction to Linux and UNIX; Linux Distributions
- Concept of Mobile OS and types of Mobile OS
Key points
- Software is the set of programs that tells hardware what to do. The syllabus categories are system, utility, application, web-based and mobile apps.
- An operating system is the interface between user and hardware and the manager of all resources. Its functions are process, memory, file, device, security and user-interface management.
- Multiprogramming: many jobs, one CPU, switch on I/O wait. Multitasking: many jobs, one CPU, switch on time slice. Multiprocessing: many CPUs in one machine, true parallelism. Distributed: many machines on a network acting as one.
- Windows is a GUI (WIMP) operating system whose desktop, taskbar, Start menu, windows and File Explorer follow one consistent design. Know the parts of a window and the standard file operations and shortcuts.
- A file path names a drive, the chain of folders and the file with its extension, for example D:\Class11\Computer\notes.docx.
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The syllabus asks for
- Introduction to Office Package: Word processor, Presentation tool, Spreadsheet package, DBMS
- Introduction to domain specific tools: school management system, inventory management system, payroll system, financial accounting, hotel management, weather forecasting system
Key points
- An application package is ready-made software sold to many users; an office package bundles a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation tool and DBMS that share a common interface.
- A word processor creates and formats text: editing, styles, tables, header and footer, spell check, mail merge. Examples: MS Word, LibreOffice Writer.
- A spreadsheet holds data in cells addressed by column letter and row number, calculates with formulas beginning with = and functions such as SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, IF, and draws charts. References may be relative (B2), absolute (B2) or mixed.
- Presentation software builds a deck of slides with layouts, themes, transitions and animations, shown with F5.
- A DBMS stores data in tables of records made of fields, identified by a primary key and linked by a foreign key; its objects are tables, queries, forms and reports.
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The syllabus asks for
- Introduction to programming languages; Low level, High level, 4GL
- Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler
- Syntax, Semantic and Runtime errors
- Control Structures: Sequence, Selection and Iteration
- Program Design tools: Algorithm, Flowchart and Pseudocode
- Absolute binary, BCD, ASCII and Unicode
- C: Introduction and features; Structure of C program
- C Preprocessor and Header Files; Character Set; Comments
- Identifiers, Keywords and Tokens; Basic Data Types; Constants and Variables
- Type Specifier; Simple and Compound Statements
- Operators and Expressions: arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, unary, conditional
- Input/Output Functions
- Selection Control Statement: if, if-else, if-else-if, nested, switch
- Iteration Control Statement: while, do while, for, nested loops
- Array: definition, 1D and 2D, matrix addition and subtraction
- String: definition and string functions strlen, strcat, strcmp, strrev, strcpy, strlwr, strupr
Key points
- Languages run from 1GL machine code (binary, machine dependent, fastest) up through 2GL assembly (mnemonics, needs an assembler), 3GL high-level (C, Java — machine independent, needs a compiler or interpreter) to 4GL (SQL — you say what, not how).
- A compiler translates the whole program at once and produces an executable; an interpreter translates and runs one statement at a time and produces no file. Compiled code runs faster; interpreted code is easier to debug.
- Syntax errors are caught by the compiler and stop it producing a program; semantic (logical) errors compile fine and give wrong answers; runtime errors such as divide-by-zero appear only while running.
- The three control structures are sequence, selection (if, if-else, if-else-if, switch) and iteration (while, do-while, for). Every program can be built from these three alone.
- Design tools: algorithm (numbered English steps), flowchart (oval = terminal, parallelogram = I/O, rectangle = process, diamond = decision), pseudocode (keywords plus English).
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The syllabus asks for
- Web development introduction; Web browsers and search engines
- Overview of internet and web technologies; Content Management System (CMS)
- HTML: objectives, structure, publishing and hosting; Tags vs Attributes
- Basic tags: HTML, HEAD, TITLE, BODY (fore colour, background colour, background image, background sound)
- Heading tags H1-H6 with ALIGN; FONT tag (Size 1-7, BASEFONT, SMALL, BIG, COLOR)
- Paragraph (P); Break Line (BR); Comments
- Formatting Text: B, I, U, Mark, Sup, Sub, EM, BLOCKQUOTE, PREFORMATTED
- Ordered List OL (LI, Type 1/I/A/a, START, VALUE); Unordered List UL (Disc, Circle, Square, DL, DT, DD)
- ADDRESS tag; Creating links; Anchor tag and Hyperlink
- Tables using TH, TR, TD; Forms using textbox, radio, checkbox, textarea, button
- HTML5 elements: audio, embed, source, track, video
- HTML5 Graphics using canvas and svg tags
- Concept of domain name and web hosting
- Cascading Style Sheets: Inline CSS, Embedded CSS, External CSS
Key points
- The internet is the network; the World Wide Web is one service running on it. A browser is software on your device; a search engine is a website that indexes other sites using a crawler, an indexer and a ranking step.
- The web uses the client–server model: DNS turns the name into an IP address, the browser sends an HTTP request, the server sends an HTTP response with the HTML.
- A CMS (WordPress, Joomla, Drupal) stores content in a database and pours it into templates, so people can publish without writing HTML.
- HTML structures a page, CSS presents it, JavaScript gives it behaviour. HTML is a markup language, not a programming language.
- Every document has <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head> (with the compulsory <title>) and <body>. A tag names an element; an attribute (name="value") sits inside the opening tag and modifies it. <br>, <hr>, <img>, <meta>, <link> and <source> are empty tags.
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The syllabus asks for
- Introduction to Multimedia
- Components of Multimedia: Text, Graphics, Audio, Video and Animation
- Application of Multimedia
Key points
- Multimedia is the computer-controlled, integrated use of more than one medium — text, graphics, audio, video and animation — usually with interactivity.
- Linear multimedia runs in a fixed order with no user control (a film); non-linear multimedia lets the user choose the path (a website, a game). Hypermedia is non-linear multimedia joined by hyperlinks.
- Text is the smallest component and carries exact meaning; fonts are measured in points (1 point = 1/72 inch); formats .txt, .rtf, .docx, .pdf, .html.
- Graphics are still pictures. Raster images are grids of pixels, are resolution dependent and go blocky when enlarged (JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP); vector images store shapes as mathematics, are resolution independent and stay sharp (SVG, AI, EPS, CDR).
- Image size depends on resolution (pixels), colour depth (24-bit true colour = 16.7 million colours) and compression — lossy (JPEG) discards detail, lossless (PNG, GIF) does not.
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The syllabus asks for
- Digital society and computer ethics
- Concept of Information security
- Concept of Cybercrime
- Malicious software and Spam
- Protection from cybercrime
- Intellectual Property Right
- Concept of Digital Signature
- Concept of Cyber Law in Nepal
- ICT Policy in Nepal
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Objective questions
Computer Science: Unit-wise Objective Question Bank
Subjective questions
Computer Science: Unit-wise Subjective Question Bank
Model sets and predicted questions
Computer Science: Model Question Sets and Predicted Questions
Exam guide
The NEB Grade 11 Examination: Pattern, Grid and Strategy
The paper
2hr, FM 50 written (+25 practical +25 internal)
| Section | Questions | Marks each | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group A MCQ | 9 | 1 | 9 |
| Group B short | 5 | 5 | 25 |
| Group C long | 2 | 8 | 16 |
Where the hours go
Teaching hours are the board's guide to how much of the paper each part carries.
- Unit 1 · Computer System20 h
- Unit 3 · Computer Software and Operating System12 h
- Unit 2 · Number System and Boolean Logic11 h
- Unit 8 · Information Security and Cyber Law10 h
- Unit 5 · Programming Concepts and Logics8 h
- Unit 6 · Web Technology I8 h
- Unit 7 · Multimedia6 h
- Unit 4 · Application Package5 h