Physics
भौतिक विज्ञान · IOE · BE/BArch Engineering Entrance
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chapters done
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The syllabus asks for
- Physical quantities, vectors and kinematics: dimensions, resolution and polygon law, vector algebra, equations of motion, projectile motion, relative motion
- Newton's laws of motion and friction: conservation of linear momentum, equilibrium and non-equilibrium applications, laws of solid friction
- Work, energy and power: work-energy theorem, kinetic and potential energy, conservation of energy, conservative and non-conservative forces, elastic and inelastic collisions
- Circular motion, gravitation and SHM: centripetal force, conical pendulum, banking, gravitational potential, variation of g, satellites, rocket launch, energy in SHM, spring-mass system, simple pendulum, damped and forced oscillation, resonance
- Rotational dynamics: moment of inertia, radius of gyration, rotational KE, centre of gravity and mass, torque, conservation of angular momentum
- Elasticity: Hooke's law, Young modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio, elastic energy
- Fluid mechanics: buoyancy, flotation, Archimedes' principle, surface tension, capillarity, viscosity, Newton, Stokes and Poiseuille formulae, Reynolds number, continuity, Bernoulli
Key points
- Check units by dimensions; use sin2θ for range, sin^2θ for height.
- Momentum is conserved in every collision; kinetic energy only in elastic ones.
- For circular and orbital motion identify what supplies the centripetal force.
- SHM periods depend only on the system constants (m,k or l,g), not on amplitude.
- Angular momentum conservation changes ω when I changes.
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The syllabus asks for
- Temperature and quantity of heat: thermal equilibrium, specific heat, latent heat, method of mixture, Newton's law of cooling, triple point
- Thermal expansion of solids and liquids
- Transfer of heat: conduction, convection, radiation, thermal conductivity, black body, Stefan-Boltzmann law
- Thermal properties of matter: kinetic theory of gases, heat capacities of gases and solids
- Laws of thermodynamics: first law, processes, second law, heat engine, Carnot, Otto and Diesel cycles, refrigerator, entropy
Key points
- Heat lost = heat gained; check for a phase change first.
- γ=3α; blocked expansion gives stress YαΔ T.
- Radiation scales as T^4 (kelvin), conduction as Δ T/L.
- bar K=(3)/(2)kT for every ideal gas; vrms∝√T/M.
- Know the four processes' W, Q and Δ U; adiabatic means PV^γ= const.
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The syllabus asks for
- Reflection: plane and curved mirrors, mirror formula
- Refraction: plane surface, critical angle, total internal reflection, lateral shift, prism, minimum deviation, lenses, lens maker's formula, combination of lenses, optical fibre
- Dispersion: spectrum, dispersive power, chromatic and spherical aberration, achromatism, scattering of light
- Nature and propagation of light: Huygens' principle, velocity of light
- Interference: coherent sources, Young's double slit experiment
- Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction, grating, resolving power
- Polarization: Brewster's law, transverse nature, Polaroid
Key points
- Mirror and lens formulas are used with a consistent sign convention.
- sin C=1/n; TIR only from dense to rare; fibres use it with NA =√n1^2-n2^2.
- Prisms: minimum deviation relation; thin prism δ=(n-1)A.
- Violet bends most; achromatism needs two glasses.
- β=(λ D)/(d) shrinks in a medium.
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The syllabus asks for
- Wave motion: travelling and stationary waves
- Mechanical waves: velocity of sound in solid, liquid and gas; effect of temperature, pressure, humidity
- Waves in pipes and strings: closed and open pipes, resonance tube, laws of vibration of a string
- Acoustic phenomena: pressure amplitude, intensity level, quality and pitch, ultrasonic and infrasonic, Doppler effect
Key points
- v=fλ; stationary-wave nodes are (λ)/(2) apart.
- Sound speed depends on temperature, medium and humidity; not on pressure alone.
- Closed pipes give odd harmonics; the resonance-tube method gives v=2f(l2-l1).
- A string's frequency rises with tension and falls with length and mass density.
- Beats count the frequency difference; a ten-fold intensity change is 10 dB.
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The syllabus asks for
- Electrostatics: Coulomb's law, field, Gauss's law, potential, capacitors and their combinations, dielectrics, energy stored
- DC circuits: Ohm's law, resistivity, work and power, galvanometer and ohmmeter, internal resistance, Joule's law, Kirchhoff's laws
- Thermoelectric effect: Seebeck, thermocouples, Peltier, thermopile, Thomson
- Magnetic effect: force on a conductor and a charge, torque, Hall effect, Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law, force between parallel conductors
- Magnetic properties of matter: earth's magnetism, magnetic materials, permeability, susceptibility, hysteresis
- Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law, induced emf, AC generator, self and mutual induction, energy in an inductor, transformer
- Alternating currents: rms value, phasors of R, L, C, quality factor, power factor
Key points
- E=(kQ)/(r^2), V=(kQ)/(r); Gauss's law gives symmetric fields.
- Series capacitors share charge; parallel share voltage; energy (1)/(2)CV^2.
- Terminal voltage is varepsilon-Ir; shunts go in parallel, multipliers in series.
- Moving charges in B go in circles; parallel currents attract.
- Para-, dia- and ferro-magnetism differ in sign and size of chi.
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The syllabus asks for
- Electrons: Millikan's experiment, cathode rays, specific charge
- Photons and quantization of energy: photoelectric effect, Planck's constant, Bohr theory, spectral series, de Broglie, uncertainty principle, X-rays and Bragg's law, laser
- Solids and semiconductor devices: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction, rectification, Zener diode, transistor, logic gates
- Radioactivity and nuclear reactions: atomic mass, isotopes, nuclear density, mass-energy relation, mass defect, fission and fusion, radioactive decay law, carbon dating, health hazard
- Recent trends: particle physics, the universe, seismology, telecommunication, environment, new technology and materials
Key points
- Photons carry hf; only frequency above threshold ejects electrons.
- Bohr energies scale as 1/n^2; series are named by the final level.
- Wave–particle duality: λ=h/p; the uncertainty principle limits x and p.
- Forward bias narrows the depletion layer; NAND and NOR are universal.
- N=N0(tfrac12)^n after n half-lives; binding energy peaks near iron.
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Where the questions are
Questions each part carries in the paper, out of 27. Area totals follow the official syllabus; where single chapters are shown, the split between them is the NEBians estimate.
- Chapter 1 · Mechanics8 Qs
- Chapter 5 · Electricity and Magnetism7 Qs
- Chapter 2 · Heat and Thermodynamics4 Qs
- Chapter 3 · Geometric and Physical Optics4 Qs
- Chapter 4 · Waves and Sound2 Qs
- Chapter 6 · Modern Physics2 Qs