Computer Science

कम्प्युटर विज्ञान · Class 10

5 units · 64 teaching hours · about 5 h of reading · 3 question sets

0 / 5 chapters done

Computer Network and Communication 14 hrs · 72 min read · 13 figures
The syllabus asks for
- Concept of telecommunication: bandwidth, throughput, broadband, mobile generations (3G, 4G, 5G), data packets, frequency and communication modes (simplex, half duplex, full duplex)
- Communication media: guided media (twisted pair and CAT6, coaxial, optical fibre) and unguided media (radio wave, microwave, infrared, satellite, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth)
- Connectors: RJ-45, RJ-11, BNC, fibre connectors (ST, SC, SMA) and the media converter
- Networking devices: NIC, repeater, hub, switch, router, modem, wireless access point and gateway
- Network topology: bus, ring, star, mesh and tree/hybrid
- Networks by coverage: PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN
- Network architecture: client-server and peer-to-peer
- IP addressing: IPv4 and IPv6, private and public addresses, static and dynamic addresses, checking an IP address and default gateway
- Internet, intranet and extranet
Key points
- Telecommunication is exchanging information over a distance electronically; every link has a sender, message, medium, receiver and protocol.
- Bandwidth is the maximum data rate of a link; throughput is the rate actually achieved; time = data in bits ÷ rate, and 1 byte = 8 bits.
- Broadband (DSL, cable, fibre, satellite, wireless) is always-on and fast; 3G → 4G → 5G brought mobile Internet, then HD streaming, then very low latency for IoT. 4G reached Nepal in 2017.
- Data travels in packets (header, payload, trailer). Frequency is cycles per second in hertz; λ = (c)/(f).
- Modes: simplex (one way), half duplex (both ways, one at a time), full duplex (both ways together).
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Database Management System 10 hrs · 62 min read · 7 figures
The syllabus asks for
- Introduction to database; data, information, database and DBMS; advantages of a DBMS
- Data types in MySQL: numeric, string and date/time types
- Table: field, record, and table design
- Keys: primary key, foreign key, composite and candidate keys; types of relationship (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many)
- Introduction to MySQL: features, installing MySQL 8 and working in MySQL Workbench
- Data Definition Language (DDL): CREATE, ALTER, DROP and TRUNCATE
- Data Manipulation Language (DML): INSERT, SELECT with WHERE, ORDER BY and LIKE, UPDATE and DELETE
Key points
- Data are raw facts; information is processed, meaningful data. A database is an organised collection of related data; a DBMS (MySQL, Oracle) is the software that manages it; an RDBMS keeps data in linked tables.
- DBMS advantages: fast retrieval, less redundancy, consistency, security, multi-user access, backup. Disadvantages: cost, expertise, maintenance.
- Data types: INT, SMALLINT, BIGINT, DECIMAL(p,s) (exact), FLOAT (approximate); CHAR(n) (fixed), VARCHAR(n) (variable), TEXT; DATE 'YYYY-MM-DD', TIME, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP; BOOLEAN = TINYINT(1).
- A table has fields (columns) and records (rows). Keys: primary (unique, not NULL, one per table), candidate, alternate, composite (two or more fields), foreign (refers to another table's primary key).
- Relationships: 1 : 1, 1 : M (most common), M : N (via a junction table).
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Multimedia 10 hrs · 48 min read · 10 figures
The syllabus asks for
- Introduction to multimedia, its elements and applications
- Text: fonts, typography and text file formats
- Graphics: raster and vector images, pixels and resolution, graphics file formats, and editing images in Pixlr and Canva
- Audio: digital sound, audio file formats, and recording and editing audio in Audacity
- Video: frames, frame rate and resolution, video file formats, and editing and exporting video in CapCut
- Concept of animation: 2D and 3D animation, frame-by-frame and keyframe animation, and where animation is used
Key points
- Multimedia combines text, graphics, audio, video and animation; it may be linear or interactive and is used in education, entertainment, business, communication and content creation.
- Text: serif, sans-serif and monospace fonts, size in points; typography arranges text for readability. Formats: TXT (plain), RTF (formatted), DOCX (Word), PDF (fixed layout). Use Unicode fonts for Nepali.
- Raster images are grids of pixels (JPG, PNG, GIF, BMP, WebP) and pixelate when enlarged; vector images are mathematical shapes (SVG, AI, EPS) and stay sharp. Raw size = width × height × bytes per pixel.
- Lossless compression keeps every detail (PNG, FLAC); lossy throws some away for small files (JPG, MP3, MP4).
- Audio: amplitude = loudness, frequency = pitch; sampled at, e.g., 44,100 Hz with 16 bits. Size = rate × bits × channels × seconds. WAV is uncompressed; MP3 and AAC are compressed.
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Programming in Python 16 hrs · 73 min read · 9 figures
The syllabus asks for
- Revision of the basics of Python: data types, variables, operators, input/output, selection and loops
- User-defined functions: defining and calling functions, passing parameters and returning values
- Concept of library and packages in Python: modules, math, random, datetime and pip
- Graphics using Turtle
- Error handling: syntax errors, runtime errors and exceptions, try-except blocks
- File handling: text files, and CSV files with the pandas library
- Introduction to data visualization with Matplotlib: line, bar and pie charts
Key points
- Basics: input() returns a string, so convert with int()/float(); types int, float, str, bool, list; / gives a float, // rounds down, % gives the remainder; selection with if, if-else, if-elif-else, nested if; loops with for … in range(start, stop, step) and while.
- Functions: def name(parameters): … return value. Arguments may be positional, default (rate=10, placed last) or keyword (rate=8). A void function returns None; return a, b returns a tuple. Local variables live inside a function; global ones outside.
- Modules, packages, libraries: import with import m, from m import f, import m as alias. math (sqrt, pow, pi, ceil, floor, factorial, radians), random (random, randint inclusive, randrange, choice, shuffle, seed), datetime (date, timedelta, strftime); install packages with pip install.
- Turtle: forward, backward, left, right, goto, penup, pendown, pensize, color, fillcolor with begin_fill/end_fill, circle, shape, speed; a regular n-gon turns 360°/n at each corner.
- Errors: syntax (caught before running), runtime exceptions (ZeroDivisionError, ValueError, TypeError, NameError, IndexError, FileNotFoundError) and logical errors. try → except (on error) or else (no error) → finally (always).
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AI and Contemporary Technologies 14 hrs · 52 min read · 11 figures
The syllabus asks for
- Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: meaning, types and applications
- Learning techniques: supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning
- AI in robotics: sensing, deciding and acting; simulating simple robotic tasks
- Generative AI: how large language models and image generators work, prompting and limitations
- Application of integrated AI tools in study and work
- Ethics in AI: bias, privacy and security
- Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications
- Virtual reality, augmented reality and extended reality (XR)
- Cloud computing: service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) and applications
- e-Commerce, e-Governance and e-Education in Nepal
Key points
- AI makes machines do tasks needing human intelligence; ML is AI that learns from data; deep learning and generative AI are inside ML. All present AI is narrow AI.
- Learning techniques: supervised (labelled data, predicts labels), unsupervised (unlabelled data, finds groups), reinforcement (trial and error with rewards).
- Robots sense (sensors), think (controller, AI) and act (actuators); simulators such as Scratch and RoboBlocky test robot programs.
- Generative AI creates content from prompts: LLMs predict the next token; image generators remove noise step by step. Good prompts give task, context, format and limits. Limits: hallucination, bias, privacy, copyright, deepfakes.
- AI is built into Google Docs, Gmail and Microsoft 365 (Copilot); use it with privacy, accuracy, fairness and honesty.
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The paper

SEE, 2 hr, FM 50 written (+50 internal: practical and project 35, participation 5, terminal tests 10)

Section	Questions	Marks each	Total
Group A MCQ	10	1	10
Group B short	10	2	20
Group C long	5	4	20

Where the hours go

Teaching hours are the board's guide to how much of the paper each part carries.

Unit 4 · Programming in Python16 h
Unit 1 · Computer Network and Communication14 h
Unit 5 · AI and Contemporary Technologies14 h
Unit 2 · Database Management System10 h
Unit 3 · Multimedia10 h